The outermost spherical shell of the nanoparticles within the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines (J&J has adenoviruses expressing covid spike proteins) is coated with PEGylated lipids, PEG meaning polyethylene glycol. Still not sure on how PEGylation works, but allegedly they can get away with saying "There's no Graphene Oxide in the vaccines!" because the GO sheets have been PEGylated, now defined as nGO-PEGs (search online for "pegylated ngo"). They have also been miniaturized to below 100nm, thus technically becoming nanographene oxide. (Slightly different properties, and apparently nGO has some photoluminescence).
Perhaps these sheets are underneath the pegylated lipids on the outermost shell, acting as honeycomb foundations between the interior and the outer environment? Image in the 2nd link below (1st image in the full-text paper) shows the before-and-after chemical structure of nGO and nGO-PEGs.
A lipid nanoparticle (LNP) contains hundreds of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, each surrounded by ionizable lipids, phospholipids, and cholesterol. The outside of the particle is coated in pegylated lipids. LNPs for messenger RNA (mRNA) are made with similar ingredients but contain only a few mRNA strands. (1st link)
https://cen.acs.org/pharmaceuticals/drug-delivery/Without-lipid-shells-mRNA-vaccines/99/i8
COVID-19 vaccine ingredients: https://portal.ct.gov/Coronavirus/Covid-19-Knowledge-Base/Vaccine-Ingredients
The outermost spherical shell of the nanoparticles within the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines (J&J has adenoviruses expressing covid spike proteins) is coated with PEGylated lipids, PEG meaning polyethylene glycol. Still not sure on how PEGylation works, but allegedly they can get away with saying "There's no Graphene Oxide in the vaccines!" because the GO sheets have been PEGylated, now defined as nGO-PEGs (search online for "pegylated ngo"). They have also been miniaturized to below 100nm, thus technically becoming nanographene oxide. Slightly different properties, and apparently nGO has some photoluminescence).
Perhaps these sheets are underneath the pegylated lipids on the outermost shell, acting as honeycomb foundations between the interior and the outer environment? Image in the 2nd link below (1st image in the full-text paper) shows the before-and-after chemical structure of nGO and nGO-PEGs.
A lipid nanoparticle (LNP) contains hundreds of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, each surrounded by ionizable lipids, phospholipids, and cholesterol. The outside of the particle is coated in pegylated lipids. LNPs for messenger RNA (mRNA) are made with similar ingredients but contain only a few mRNA strands. (1st link)
https://cen.acs.org/pharmaceuticals/drug-delivery/Without-lipid-shells-mRNA-vaccines/99/i8
COVID-19 vaccine ingredients: https://portal.ct.gov/Coronavirus/Covid-19-Knowledge-Base/Vaccine-Ingredients