Possibly both / and....

Jesus talks about those who are not Jews in Revelation, and those who are of the synagogue of Satan. Paul could point to his own membership in the tribe of Benjamin in Romans 11, so it's possible that some were faking being Jewish to get out of Caesar worship. Also, the Sadducees were primarily in charge of the Sanhedrin when Jesus was sent to Pilate by the court (Religious court of Jesus' day) and there were at least two Pharisees who supported Jesus (Joseph of Aramathea and Nicodemus) at the time of His death. Matthew makes a claim for Jesus' membership in the tribe of Judah, as does Luke.

As for the more modern issue, Russian Jews were hit especially hard by the vaxx, they were among the most recent to arrive in Israel. I suspect many of these are truly part of the Hebrew people, and are being persecuted for it.

Possibly both / and....

Jesus talks about those who are not Jews in Revelation, and those who are of the synagogue of Satan. Paul could point to his own membership in the tribe of Benjamin in Romans 11, so it's possible that some were faking being Jewish to get out of Caesar worship. Also, the Sadducees were primarily in charge of the Sanhedrin when Jesus was sent to Pilate by the court (Religious court of Jesus' day) and there were at least two Pharisees who supported Jesus (Joseph of Aramathea and Nicodemus) at the time of His death. Matthew claims for Jesus membership in the tribe of Judah, as does Luke.

As for the more modern issue, Russian Jews were hit especially hard by the vaxx, they were among the most recent to arrive in Israel. I suspect many of these are truly part of the Hebrew people, and are being persecuted for it.

Possibly both / and....

Jesus talks about those who are not Jews in Revelation, and those who are of the synagogue of Satan. Paul could point to his own membership in the tribe of Benjamin in Romans 11, so it's possible that some were faking being Jewish to get out of Caesar worship.

As for the more modern issue, Russian Jews were hit especially hard by the vaxx, they were among the most recent to arrive in Israel. I suspect many of these are truly part of the Hebrew people, and are being persecuted for it.