The Schopenhauer Effect • Joining the march of progress in science (in any field) has its dangers. New ‘truths’ and ‘paradigms’, such as ‘heuristics’, are rarely, if ever, immediately accepted. • As the German philosopher Schopenhauer (1788–1860) put it: • “All truth passes through three stages: – First it is ridiculed, – Second it is violently opposed, – Third it is accepted as being self-evident”.