A post from ELON triggered a little crash course in history: #Bolsheviks - Enjoy the comments underneath his post, if you want - The Great Awakening

Hess's Rome and Jerusalem: The Last National Question went unnoticed in his time, as most German Jews preferred cultural assimilation. His work did not stimulate political activity or discussion. When Theodor Herzl first read Rome and Jerusalem he wrote that "since Spinoza Jewry had no bigger thinker than this forgotten Moses Hess." He said he might not have written Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State) if he had known Rome and Jerusalem beforehand.

Vladimir Ze'ev Jabotinsky honored Hess in The Jewish Legion in the World War as one of the people that made the Balfour declaration possible, along with Herzl, Walter Rothschild and Leon Pinsker.

Nathan Mileikowsky born August 15, 1879 – February 4, 1935) was a Zionist political activist, rabbi, and writer. Mileikowsky's son was the scholar and academic Benzion Netanyahu, and his grandson is current Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.

Mileikowsky was born in 1879 in Kreva, Russian Empire (today located in Belarus), which at that time was part of the Pale of Settlement (region of Imperial Russia in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed)

At the age of 20, Mileikowsky began promoting Zionism in the Siberia region, following a request to do so by the Zionist leader Yechiel Chlenov. In the following years Mileikowsky continued to engage in Zionist promotion and in addition gave speeches against the "Bund" movement and against other socialist Jewish anti-Zionist movements. During the Sixth Zionist Congress Mileikowsky was among the opponents of the Uganda Programme, despite belonging to the Theodor Herzl camp.

According to his son, Benzion Netanyahu, the Mileikowsky family was one of the few families in the world who spoke hebrew.

Benzion Netanyahu born Benzion Mileikowsky; March 25, 1910 – April 30, 2012) was an Israeli encyclopedist, historian, and medievalist. He served as a professor of history at Cornell University. A scholar of Judaic history, he was also an activist in the Revisionist Zionism movement, who lobbied in the United States to support the creation of the Jewish state. His field of expertise was the history of the Jews in Spain. He was an editor of the Hebrew Encyclopedia and assistant to Benjamin Azkin, Ze'ev Jabotinsky's personal secretary.

Netanyahu was the father of current Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu; Yonatan Netanyahu, ...

Sorry, frens, here I wanted to include some of my findings regarding Jobotinsky, Pinsker and othe bolsheviks, but can not find them just now on my computer. I found all the other stuff underneath which is more regarding the zionists, but I leave it here anyhow. Perhaps someone is interested - I think it is connected anyway.

Timeline of the Balfour Declaration website:

In this timeline of the Balfour Declaration go to May 2nd, 1860 and start from there to see how Israel was created.

https://www.balfour100.com/timeline/

Mikveh Israel and Rothschild:

https://www.ramat-hanadiv.org.il/en/rothschilds-legacy/the-rothschild-legacy/who-is-the-baron/the-start-of-the-barons-activities-in-eretz-israel/

At the end of 1882, Baron Edmond de Rothschild met in Paris Rabbi Shmuel Mohliver, among the first members of the Hibbat Zion movement. Together with Yechiel Brill, the editor/publisher of the Hebrew newspaper Halevanon, Mohliver had developed a plan to set up an agricultural colony in Eretz Israel.

According to the plan, ten experienced farm workers from the Russian village of Pavaluka were chosen to be trained at the agricultural school Mikveh Israel, and only after they proved themselves would they build a permanent settlement. The land for it was purchased with the help of a loan from the Baron. At the end of the farmers’ training period, on 7 November 1883, they moved to the designated site and ploughed their first furrows.

The representative of the Rishon le-Zion settlers, Yosef Feinberg, appealed to the Baron for financial help to dig the settlement’s first well, support poverty-stricken families, and hire an ‘agronomist’ (horticultural expert) for professional guidance.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikveh_Israel

Mikveh Israel was founded in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire in April 1870 by Charles Netter, an emissary of the French organization Alliance Israélite Universelle, aiming to be an educational institution where young Jews could learn agriculture and leave to establish villages and settlements all over the country and to make the desert blossom. It was established on a tract of land southeast of Jaffa leased from the Ottoman Sultan, who allocated 750 acres (3.0 km2) to the project.

Netter, the first headmaster, introduced new methods of agricultural training, with Baron Edmond James de Rothschild contributing to the upkeep of the school. Netter pioneered progressive educational methods and a new way of life and agricultural training to the future farmers of this land. There were only about 20,000[citation needed] Jews in the country at that time, mostly established in the traditional cities of Judaism: Jerusalem, Tiberias, Safed and Hebron.

Beginning in the early 1880's the school was used to train the first group of farm workers in order to ready an eventual self sustaining village in the area. The project was mostly funded by the French Baron de Rothschild who would only purchase the land in loan, after the farmers had proven that they were properly trained. The men were each established farm workers who were from the Russian village of Pavaluka, and on November 7, 1883 the ten chosen farmers had moved to Palestine and plowed the first rows of earth, at what was known as Rishon le-Zion, or first to Zion, in English.

In 1898, Theodor Herzl met the German Emperor Wilhelm II at the main entrance of Mikveh Israel during Herzl's only visit to Eretz Yisrael. The meeting, a PR event engineered by Herzl to publicly meet the Kaiser, was misinterpreted by the world media as a legitimization of Herzl and Zionism by Germany.

https://www.lbi.org/de/news/german-speaking-jews-and-zionism-1862-1941/

Theodor Herzl’s 1896 publication, Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State), was by no means the first to call for the establishment of a Jewish state. Three decades earlier, two Jewish philosophers from opposing sides of the ideological spectrum formulated their own ideas for Jewish statehood: Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer, an Orthodox rabbi from Thorn in Prussia (Torun, Poland)—often referred to as the first Zionist—and Moses Hess, a Socialist and associate of Ferdinand Lassalle, the leader of the Prussian Socialist movement.

Kalischer saw the ingathering of Zion and ending Jewish exile as the fulfillment of the messianic prophecy. Unlike other proponents of Orthodoxy, Kalischer believed that the arrival of the Messiah would be accelerated if Jews were to settle the land of Israel. He contacted the prominent banker Mayer Amschel Rothschild in 1836 to buy land in Palestine and helped to establish the Berlin Central Committee for Jewish Colonization in Palestine in 1864.

In his magnum opus Rome and Jerusalem, published in 1864, Hess advanced the idea of establishing a Jewish state based on Socialist principles where Jews would till the soil as farmers. The term “Zionism” was coined by the Austrian author and journalist Nathan Birnbaum as early as 1890. Birnbaum founded the Jewish Kadimah fraternity and became the editor of the periodical Selbstemanzipation (Self-Emancipation) which was published between 1885 and 1894.

Theodor Herzl lived in Paris as the correspondent for the Viennese newspaper Die Neue Freie Presse (The New Free Press) when Captain Alfred Dreyfus was tried in France for alleged espionage. Dreyfus’ conviction as well as the open anti-Semitic propaganda Herzl encountered in Paris and under Viennese Mayor Karl Lueger dramatically changed his outlook on Jewish assimilation and led him to champion the idea of an independent Jewish homeland.

The evolving program of the Zionist Congress highlights the problems the movement faced, including opposition to Zionism by most established Jewish organizations and the majority of Western European Jews. Discussions focused on the attitude of public political figures toward Zionism, like German Emperor Wilhelm II, who met with Herzl in Constantinople and Jerusalem in 1899. The centrality of culture in the building of a new Jewish state was one of the main themes of the Fifth Zionist Congress, where Martin Buber led a group of intellectuals—including Chaim Weitzman and Leo Motzkin—in demanding a stronger emphasis on establishing a Hebrew culture and adopting greater democracy within the organization. This meeting of 1901 also saw the establishment of the Jewish National Fund which propelled the movement closer to its practical goals.

Herzl’s closest ally and co-founder of the Zionist movement, Max Nordau, was a physician, cultural critic, and author. He championed the idea of “muscular Judaism” to nurture a new generation of physically fit Jews as opposed to what he perceived as “weak” Jews of the ghetto.

After the Nazis came to power in 1933, the Zionist Halutz (Pioneer) Youth Movement expanded its efforts to reach out to young Jews and facilitate their emigration by establishing agricultural training camps. Approximately eighty training centers throughout Germany were in operation during the 1930s teaching crafts and housekeeping in addition to agriculture. Each year, about 2,000 young Jews graduated from these training facilities hoping to settle in Palestine. However, many of the graduates of these hachshara (preparation) programs ended up emigrating to other countries because the demand for settling in Palestine by far exceeded the immigration quotas set by the British.

For deep divers: A website with a lot of information

https://user1252122.sites.myregisteredsite.com/id24.html

Mikveh Israel Synagogue of the American Revolution:

https://www.mikvehisrael.org/our-history/

Congregation Mikveh Israel, known as the "Synagogue of the American Revolution," is the oldest formal congregation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the oldest continuous synagogue in the United States.

Scattered records indicate that there were Jewish traders in the Delaware Valley before William Penn took possession of his colony in 1682. They lived in trading posts and wooden forts as protection from hostile Indians. In 1784, a German traveler listed the presence of Jewish families among the religious sects of early Philadelphia. Nathan Levy, observant Jew, established himself in the import/export trade with his cousin David Franks in the busy Philadelphia port by 1735.

To pay for the French and Indian War, the British imposed a stamp tax on her American colonies. In 1765, the Non-Importation Resolutions were drawn up with signatures of many citizens who agreed "not to have any goods shipped from Great Britain until the repeal of the Stamp Act."

Signers include the following members of Mikveh Israel: the merchants Mathias Bush, Moses Mordecai and Barnard Gratz.

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