Newer Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) have evolved significantly since those developed in the 1990s, reflecting advancements in technology, strategic considerations, and geopolitical changes. Here are some key differences:

1. Accuracy and Targeting:

1990s ICBMs: Missiles like the Topol-M (SS-27) had good accuracy but were still less precise compared to modern standards. They often relied on older guidance systems.

Newer ICBMs: Modern missiles benefit from significantly improved guidance systems, including GPS and inertial navigation, leading to much higher accuracy. Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicles (MIRVs) have been refined to allow for multiple targets per launch with greater precision.

2. Payload and Warhead Design:

1990s: Typically, ICBMs carried large, single warheads or fewer MIRVs with less sophisticated designs.

Today: ICBMs can carry more advanced warheads, including smaller, more numerous MIRVs, and might incorporate decoys or penetration aids to overcome missile defense systems. There's also development towards warheads with lower yields for more strategic flexibility.

3. Propulsion and Fuel Systems:

1990s: Many ICBMs used liquid fuel, which required fueling just before launch, making them vulnerable during preparation.

Modern ICBMs: There's a shift towards solid-fuel rockets, which can be stored for extended periods and launched quickly, reducing vulnerability. Some also incorporate improvements in fuel efficiency or new propulsion technologies.

4. Stealth and Survivability:

1990s: ICBMs had basic stealth capabilities, if any, primarily through their design.

Today: Newer ICBMs might incorporate stealth technology in materials or design to reduce radar cross-section, and they often feature countermeasures against missile defense systems, like chaff or radar decoys.

5. Mobility and Deployment:

1990s: Most were silo-based or fixed, with some like the SS-25 being road-mobile.

Modern: There's an emphasis on mobility with many new systems being road, rail, or even sea-mobile (for SLBMs), enhancing survivability against preemptive strikes.

6. Testing and Development:

1990s: ICBM development was influenced heavily by the Cold War's strategic arms limitations, with testing being somewhat restricted.

Post-1990s: Testing regimes have evolved with international treaties like New START affecting how and what is tested. There's also a push towards more frequent testing and development of new missile defense countermeasures.

7. International Context:

1990s: The end of the Cold War meant a reduction in the arms race, but still, there was a focus on maintaining nuclear arsenals.

Today: The geopolitical landscape involves more players with ICBM capabilities or ambitions (like North Korea, Iran), leading to different strategic concerns and treaty obligations.

8. Technology Integration:

Modern ICBMs might integrate with broader military systems for real-time updates, enhanced situational awareness, and possibly even cyber capabilities to disrupt enemy missile defenses.