This will be a little tricky; I need to use two windows to see the article and respond to it. This is interesting to me, because the view that I had developed independently was essentially identical to Bezant's. I take it there is no complaint with how the collapse began, so I will go on to other points.
The main bone of contention was "why didn't the north tower decelerate?" The answer, as Bezant pointed out, was that the deceleration periods were only .03 seconds in duration. Applied to an object free-falling as complete hesitation, that would have meant only a 1 foot/second (0.3 m/sec) deceleration as a jolt, imperceptible in the data. The failed floor would have added its mass to the falling mass and the process would continue. The skeptic seems to have some idea that the lower floors would have some kind of prolonged wrestling match with the oncoming mass. In the first case, it is totally expectible that the next few underlying floors would have compromised column strength due to the heat environment and conduction, so the initial resistance would be even less. Put it this way: a big semi-truck gets stalled on a railroad crossing, a train approaches, the driver flees, and the locomotive + train combination hits and utterly demolishes the semi, passing through the wreckage like it wasn't there in the first place. This happens too many times in life to be anything funny. But wasn't the train decellerated? Yes, for a miniscule fraction of a second, not enough to make a difference. Same idea. I have no confidence that Szamboti et al. conducted a credible refutation analysis. You can't say on the one hand that, yes, the lower floor failed---and then also that it still continued to resist.
What is going on is the accumulation of momentum, which the lower structure has to react with a force exerted over some time interval. In the present case, the momentum is huge and applied essentially instantaneously. The reactive force will skyrocket, and the resisting members will simply fail in shear. It happens so fast, the structure does not have time to deform. Shear is basically shattering. It also leaves 45-degree shear planes that everyone likes to declare as the signature of demolition. Not so. It's just what happens in any case where the compressive load causes shear failure. Also, the momentum ADDS to the downward force of the upper mass.
Explosions, Pulverization, Dismemberment, & Ejection of Materials: Violent disruption of structural materials during the failure events. Air compressed by collapsing floors and blowing out windows with drawn-out debris. Concrete has low strength in tension and will tend to crumble under failure in tension or compression. (Ever seen a concrete pillar crushed in a materials laboratory? I have.)
Molten metal: Steel and aluminum, resulting from the burning jet fuel, at an adiabatic flame temperature higher than either material. This is such an easy fact to establish, that the ignorant critic is easy to identify. How do you think molten steel is made in the first place? (Hint: anthracite coal burns at 2180 C, kerosene burns at 2093 C, each far above the melting point of iron.)
"Nano-Thermite": This is the most dubious claim. For one thing, thermite is a pyrotechnic, not an explosive. Secondly, what do they really mean when they claim something is "nano-thermite"? No one explains what they mean. if it is unreacted, it would have to be a fine mixture of elemental aluminum and iron oxide. Gee whiz, what do you suppose would result from a high-temperature fire environment that can burn iron (sparkler fireworks burn iron, burning iron sparks are produced at a grinding wheel against an iron object) and both melt and vaporize aluminum?
"What about WTC 7?": Different story. Similar dynamics. An independent analysis predicts that the central core fires would have heated beams to the point where they expanded out of their column brackets. Once the critical point is reached, the collapse is rapid. Same phenomenon of dismissible resistance on the way down. Building not designed to cope with that failure mode. Same mistaken identification of windows bursting from compressed air between collapsing floors as being explosions. Dismemberment as the result of...dismemberment. Pulverization because concrete has no resistance to it.
Give it up. It goes nowhere. How do you coordinate the flight of highjacked aircraft to collide at a specific floor, below which---all the way down---explosive charges have been placed in order to commit mass murders? That is not a theory. It is an outright magical fantasy.
What is the flashpoint of jet fuel? What is the melting point of the steel type that is used within buildings of that type? How many steel beams were used in either tower? Exactly how were the beams positioned?
You’re comparing collisions along the x-axis, y-axis has the added factor of acceleration due to gravity.
I don’t need any “hints”, think what you want. Good for you for believing what the government fed you.
If you want a research project, you can do it yourself. Jet fuel is essentially kerosene (flash point of 38 deg C), and it would already have been lit within the operating engines. Don't try to say that the fuel could not have been lit. There is never any problem with kerosene catching fire in an airplane crash (unfortunately). The melting point of steel is the melting point of iron, well below the adiabatic flame temperature of kerosene. Or, you can figure out what was burning for 50+ minutes.
I gather by "y-axis" you mean the vertical direction. That is what I was discussing: the vertical forces and failures. There are two factors of acceleration due to gravity: (1) the basic static weight of all the floors above the crash location, and (2) the accumulated momentum resulting from downward acceleration and mass accretion. When the sum of these two effects are imposed on the supporting lower floors, it is higher than their failure points and they immediately fail in shear. Think of the steel failure as a brittle snap. It takes so little time, it might as well be instantaneous.
I didn't read ANY government report on the subject. I am an aeronautical engineer by profession and understand things like fuel combustion and strength of materials. So, I reasoned it out for myself. You are omitting the very likely co-combustion of the aluminum from which the airplane was made (as did the official analysis, it seems), which could have created a much higher temperature environment than assumed and created combustion products that were misidentified as thermite.
This will be a little tricky; I need to use two windows to see the article and respond to it. This is interesting to me, because the view that I had developed independently was essentially identical to Bezant's. I take it there is no complaint with how the collapse began, so I will go on to other points.
The main bone of contention was "why didn't the north tower decelerate?" The answer, as Bezant pointed out, was that the deceleration periods were only .03 seconds in duration. Applied to an object free-falling as complete hesitation, that would have meant only a 1 foot/second (0.3 m/sec) deceleration as a jolt, imperceptible in the data. The failed floor would have added its mass to the falling mass and the process would continue. The skeptic seems to have some idea that the lower floors would have some kind of prolonged wrestling match with the oncoming mass. In the first case, it is totally expectible that the next few underlying floors would have compromised column strength due to the heat environment and conduction, so the initial resistance would be even less. Put it this way: a big semi-truck gets stalled on a railroad crossing, a train approaches, the driver flees, and the locomotive + train combination hits and utterly demolishes the semi, passing through the wreckage like it wasn't there in the first place. This happens too many times in life to be anything funny. But wasn't the train decellerated? Yes, for a miniscule fraction of a second, not enough to make a difference. Same idea. I have no confidence that Szamboti et al. conducted a credible refutation analysis. You can't say on the one hand that, yes, the lower floor failed---and then also that it still continued to resist.
What is going on is the accumulation of momentum, which the lower structure has to react with a force exerted over some time interval. In the present case, the momentum is huge and applied essentially instantaneously. The reactive force will skyrocket, and the resisting members will simply fail in shear. It happens so fast, the structure does not have time to deform. Shear is basically shattering. It also leaves 45-degree shear planes that everyone likes to declare as the signature of demolition. Not so. It's just what happens in any case where the compressive load causes shear failure. Also, the momentum ADDS to the downward force of the upper mass.
Explosions, Pulverization, Dismemberment, & Ejection of Materials: Violent disruption of structural materials during the failure events. Air compressed by collapsing floors and blowing out windows with drawn-out debris. Concrete has low strength in tension and will tend to crumble under failure in tension or compression. (Ever seen a concrete pillar crushed in a materials laboratory? I have.)
Molten metal: Steel and aluminum, resulting from the burning jet fuel, at an adiabatic flame temperature higher than either material. This is such an easy fact to establish, that the ignorant critic is easy to identify. How do you think molten steel is made in the first place? (Hint: anthracite coal burns at 2180 C, kerosene burns at 2093 C, each far above the melting point of iron.)
"Nano-Thermite": This is the most dubious claim. For one thing, thermite is a pyrotechnic, not an explosive. Secondly, what do they really mean when they claim something is "nano-thermite"? No one explains what they mean. if it is unreacted, it would have to be a fine mixture of elemental aluminum and iron oxide. Gee whiz, what do you suppose would result from a high-temperature fire environment that can burn iron (sparkler fireworks burn iron, burning iron sparks are produced at a grinding wheel against an iron object) and both melt and vaporize aluminum?
"What about WTC 7?": Different story. Similar dynamics. An independent analysis predicts that the central core fires would have heated beams to the point where they expanded out of their column brackets. Once the critical point is reached, the collapse is rapid. Same phenomenon of dismissible resistance on the way down. Building not designed to cope with that failure mode. Same mistaken identification of windows bursting from compressed air between collapsing floors as being explosions. Dismemberment as the result of...dismemberment. Pulverization because concrete has no resistance to it.
Give it up. It goes nowhere. How do you coordinate the flight of highjacked aircraft to collide at a specific floor, below which---all the way down---explosive charges have been placed in order to commit mass murders? That is not a theory. It is an outright magical fantasy.
What is the flashpoint of jet fuel? What is the melting point of the steel type that is used within buildings of that type? How many steel beams were used in either tower? Exactly how were the beams positioned? You’re comparing collisions along the x-axis, y-axis has the added factor of acceleration due to gravity.
I don’t need any “hints”, think what you want. Good for you for believing what the government fed you.
If you want a research project, you can do it yourself. Jet fuel is essentially kerosene (flash point of 38 deg C), and it would already have been lit within the operating engines. Don't try to say that the fuel could not have been lit. There is never any problem with kerosene catching fire in an airplane crash (unfortunately). The melting point of steel is the melting point of iron, well below the adiabatic flame temperature of kerosene. Or, you can figure out what was burning for 50+ minutes.
I gather by "y-axis" you mean the vertical direction. That is what I was discussing: the vertical forces and failures. There are two factors of acceleration due to gravity: (1) the basic static weight of all the floors above the crash location, and (2) the accumulated momentum resulting from downward acceleration and mass accretion. When the sum of these two effects are imposed on the supporting lower floors, it is higher than their failure points and they immediately fail in shear. Think of the steel failure as a brittle snap. It takes so little time, it might as well be instantaneous.
I didn't read ANY government report on the subject. I am an aeronautical engineer by profession and understand things like fuel combustion and strength of materials. So, I reasoned it out for myself. You are omitting the very likely co-combustion of the aluminum from which the airplane was made (as did the official analysis, it seems), which could have created a much higher temperature environment than assumed and created combustion products that were misidentified as thermite.
Also, why have no other buildings of that same type fallen due to fire?
Because no other buildings have been hit by airplanes weighing 157.5 tons traveling at 500 mph and carrying 60 tons of jet fuel. Next question?