Well I am talking about pharmacokinetic formulations which drive bioavailability and not chemical formulations but in terms of chemical formulations, here is some on B12.

1. Methylcobalamin

• Oral Bioavailability: Around 50–70% in individuals with normal gastrointestinal function. Methylcobalamin is better absorbed and retained in tissues compared to other forms, particularly for neurological benefits.

2. Hydroxocobalamin

• Oral Bioavailability: Approximately 40–70%, depending on the dose. Hydroxocobalamin is well-absorbed but tends to be more efficiently retained in the body compared to methylcobalamin, making it a good option for long-term storage and gradual release of B12.

As far as pharmacokinetics goes I will give an example using curcumin.

Absolute Bioavailability of Curcumin

• Oral Bioavailability: Extremely low (<1%) when consumed in its natural form. Curcumin undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver and intestinal walls, leading to poor plasma and tissue concentrations. Studies indicate that standard curcumin has very limited systemic availability after oral administration. Mainly due to its hydrophobic nature.

Enhancing Bioavailability with Liposomal and Nano Formulations

• Liposomal Formulations: Liposomes encapsulate curcumin in phospholipid bilayers, enhancing its absorption by improving solubility and protecting it from degradation. Liposomal curcumin can increase bioavailability by up to 8-10 times compared to standard curcumin.

• Nano Formulations: Nanoparticle-based delivery systems, such as nanomicelles or nanocurcumin, can enhance curcumin’s solubility, stability, and permeability. Nano-curcumin has been shown to increase its bioavailability around 40-fold in clinical studies, allowing for more effective therapeutic outcomes.

These advanced formulations bypass some of the limitations of curcumin’s natural form, offering more consistent therapeutic effects at lower doses.

The best form I have found is Nanocur. https://a.co/d/4NzSVqK I reached out to the company and recieved their pharmacokinetic and pharmcodynamic data, patents, etc. It's is a nano formulation wrapped in a beta-cyclodextrin complex. It's nearly 100% bioavailable. The size is 5nm which is amazingly small, a blood cell is roughly 6,000 yo 8,000 nm. Is almost small enough to passively pass through cells which is 1nm. So it still needs endocytosis to enter the cell, but it does so very well.