what was the mean global rate of sea level rise between 1970 and 2020 ChatGPT said: ChatGPT Between 1970 and 2020, the mean global rate of sea-level rise was approximately 3.3 millimeters per year. This rate has been derived from satellite measurements and tide gauge data, and it reflects a steady increase due to melting ice sheets, glaciers, and the thermal expansion of seawater as it warms.

To put it into context:

From 1901 to 2020, sea levels rose by about 8–9 inches (21–24 centimeters) globally. The rate of sea-level rise has accelerated in recent decades, with the 3.3 mm/year average rate in the latter part of the 20th century being faster than earlier periods. Sea-level rise is driven by two main processes:

Thermal expansion: As ocean water warms, it expands. Ice melting: The melting of glaciers and ice sheets contributes additional water to the oceans.

You said: what was the mean global rate of sea-level rise between 1920 and 1970 ChatGPT said: ChatGPT Between 1920 and 1970, the mean global rate of sea-level rise was approximately 1.2 to 1.4 millimeters per year. This period saw a slower rate of sea-level rise compared to the rates observed in the latter part of the 20th century, reflecting changes in climate and ice melt processes over time.

Context: Prior to 1970, the rate of sea-level rise was relatively steady but lower than the 3.3 mm/year observed between 1970 and 2020. This slower rate was primarily driven by slower rates of ice melting and a smaller amount of thermal expansion. The acceleration of sea-level rise in the latter half of the 20th century is largely attributed to the increased rate of ice melt from glaciers and ice sheets and the warming of ocean waters due to global warming.

You said: what was the mean global rate of sea-level rise between 1870 and 1920 ChatGPT said: ChatGPT Between 1870 and 1920, the mean global rate of sea-level rise was approximately 0.5 to 0.8 millimeters per year. This period corresponds to the early stages of industrialization and the beginning of noticeable global warming trends, though the rate was much slower compared to later decades.

Context: Sea-level rise during this period was primarily influenced by thermal expansion as oceans began to absorb heat from rising global temperatures and by small amounts of glacier melting. The rate remained relatively stable and low compared to the accelerated sea-level rise observed from the mid-20th century onward. These estimates are based on tide gauge data and provide a baseline for comparing changes in sea-level rise rates as global warming has intensified over time.

You said: how do you explain the higher than present sea levels during the mid-Holocene period? ChatGPT said: ChatGPT During the mid-Holocene period (approximately 6,000 to 9,000 years ago), sea levels were higher than present-day levels by about 1 to 2 meters. This can be explained by a combination of factors related to Earth's climate, ice sheet dynamics, and geological processes at the time:

1. Warmer Global Climate The mid-Holocene was characterized by relatively warm global temperatures compared to today, driven by natural variations in Earth's orbit (Milankovitch cycles) and feedbacks within the climate system. Warmer temperatures caused melting of ice sheets and glaciers, contributing additional water to the oceans.
2. Ice Sheet Melting Ice sheets and glaciers were smaller than their peak during the Last Glacial Maximum (approximately 20,000 years ago), but still contributed significantly to sea-level rise. Melting from the Greenland Ice Sheet, Antarctic Ice Sheet, and mountain glaciers resulted in substantial ocean volume increases.
3. Thermal Expansion of Seawater The warming of ocean waters during this period caused thermal expansion, a process in which seawater expands as it warms, contributing to higher sea levels.
4. Geological Adjustments (Isostatic Rebound) During and after the last glaciation, large ice sheets covered much of North America and Eurasia. When these ice sheets retreated, the Earth's crust was rebounding, causing local shifts in sea level. This process can lead to regional variations in sea-level rise but contributed to the overall higher sea levels globally during the mid-Holocene.
5. Sea-Level Stabilization During the mid-Holocene, sea levels were in a state of stabilization, as the ice sheets had largely retreated from their maximum extent, and other feedbacks between climate and ocean systems were balancing. In summary, the higher sea levels during the mid-Holocene were driven by melting ice, thermal expansion of seawater due to higher global temperatures, and geological processes related to ice retreat and crustal adjustments. These natural processes led to a period of elevated sea levels, peaking before the climate system transitioned to the present-day equilibrium state.

You said: Since you clarified that the higher sea levels during the mid-Holocene period were caused by natural factors, why do you believe any present increase in the rate of global sea level rise is caused by human activities? ChatGPT said: ChatGPT That's an excellent question and highlights an important distinction between natural processes and anthropogenic (human-induced) influences on sea-level rise. While natural factors like orbital changes, glacial melting, and thermal expansion have influenced sea levels throughout Earth's history (such as during the mid-Holocene), the rapid acceleration of sea-level rise observed in recent decades is primarily attributed to human activities. Here's why:

1. The Rate of Change Is Unprecedented The current rate of sea-level rise (about 3.3 mm/year from 1970 to 2020) is significantly faster than any natural variation observed over the past 10,000 years. The mid-Holocene rise was gradual and tied to natural climate variations, while the recent rise is driven by a sudden and large increase in greenhouse gas emissions and rapid warming.
2. The Role of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes have led to increased atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. These gases trap heat in Earth's atmosphere (the "greenhouse effect"), leading to global warming that directly causes ice melting and thermal expansion.
3. Accelerated Ice Sheet and Glacier Melting While ice melting has occurred naturally in Earth's history, the rates at which glaciers and ice sheets are melting today are far faster than natural variability would predict. Studies show that Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets are losing ice at accelerating rates, directly linked to warming ocean and atmospheric temperatures driven by human activity.
4. Thermal Expansion from Rapid Ocean Warming The oceans absorb over 90% of the excess heat from global warming, leading to thermal expansion—seawater expands as it warms. The observed warming trend of the ocean is largely the result of human-caused emissions, not natural processes.
5. Distinguishing Human Influence from Natural Cycles While natural cycles can cause sea-level changes over geological timescales, modern sea-level changes are occurring too quickly to be explained solely by natural processes. Climate models and observational data clearly link recent trends to human emissions. Climate science uses statistical models to compare observed patterns against both natural variability and human-induced scenarios. The evidence consistently points toward anthropogenic drivers. In Summary: The mid-Holocene higher sea levels were driven by natural processes like orbital changes, ice melt, and sea-level stabilization at that time. However, the current rate of sea-level rise (and its acceleration) is fundamentally different because it aligns with human activities—namely greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel use, deforestation, and other industrial processes.

The scientific consensus is that the recent, accelerated sea-level rise is largely anthropogenic because it coincides with rapid industrialization and its environmental effects, not natural climate cycles alone. The data from satellite observations, tide gauges, and climate models all support this conclusion.

You said: if the present rate of global sea level rise is significantly higher than throughout the 20th century, why would the areas of islands increase, as documented in https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2024.2329816 ChatGPT said: ChatGPT The observation that island areas are increasing in some cases despite the present rate of sea-level rise being higher than throughout much of the 20th century can be explained by a combination of natural processes and sediment dynamics. This phenomenon has been documented in studies like the one you referenced, and it reveals that local processes can counteract the effects of global sea-level rise in specific regions. Here’s why this might occur:

1. Sediment Redistribution and Accretion Many small islands, particularly those in river delta regions or coral atolls, gain land through natural sediment deposition. This occurs as sediments transported by ocean currents, waves, or river discharge are deposited on islands or coastal areas. This sedimentation can lead to island growth even as sea levels rise. Wave action and currents can transport sediment onto islands, reinforcing their size and contributing to land accretion.
2. Coral Reef Formation and Growth Coral reefs can grow and contribute to island formation or expansion, especially in atoll systems, where the islands are dependent on coral building processes. As long as coral reefs can keep up with sea-level rise by growing vertically, they can maintain or even increase their size.
3. Human-Managed Interventions In some places, engineering projects such as coastal restoration efforts, dredging, or sediment reallocation, are intentionally increasing island areas. These human efforts can mimic natural processes by importing sediment or reinforcing shorelines to maintain land despite rising seas.
4. Sea-Level Rise Is Not Uniform Everywhere Sea-level changes are not uniform globally. Regional variations in sea-level rise occur due to factors like ocean currents, glacial isostatic adjustment (rebound effects), gravitational effects from melting ice, and regional subsidence. In some areas, the local rate of sea-level rise may be slower than the global average, allowing natural processes like sediment deposition to outpace rising water levels.
5. Coastal and Geomorphic Processes Processes like erosion, sediment transport, and wave action can lead to dynamic changes in island size. While sea-level rise can lead to inundation in some areas, sediment dynamics can lead to net land gain in others. Key Insight: The phenomenon of islands expanding or maintaining their size in the face of sea-level rise does not mean that sea-level rise is not a threat. Instead, it highlights the complex interaction between natural sediment processes, ocean dynamics, and human interventions. While some islands may experience localized growth through these processes, many low-lying islands are highly vulnerable to sea-level rise, especially due to coastal inundation, storm surges, and saltwater intrusion.

The observed growth in island area in specific locations should therefore be understood within this context: it is a localized phenomenon driven by sediment dynamics and natural processes, not a counter to the global trend of sea-level rise.

You said: if only the global network of tide gages are used for data analysis, what is the rate of global sea level rise during the past fifty years ChatGPT said: ChatGPT When analyzing sea-level data using only tide gauges, the rate of global sea-level rise over the past 50 years (from approximately 1970 to 2020) is estimated to be around 1.5 to 2 mm per year.

Comparison to Satellite Data: Tide gauge data alone tend to show slightly lower rates of sea-level rise compared to satellite altimetry measure

That is the best and most concise explanation of why the deportation plan is not just necessary, but also cost effective!

Thank you!

I'm wondering if the whole evidence set to make it seem like it was some disgruntled policy holder or relative of a policy holder is just cover for an actual, professional, hitman. Even an amateur wouldn't leave such blatant evidence, especially the gun and backpack. Why wouldn't he just bring them with him when he fled the city?

In junior high, almost 55 years ago, I would almost get beaten up because I would tell the "cool" kids how stupid smoking was :) The very idea of PURPOSELY BREATHING IN SMOKE should be enough to let anyone know how stupid and unhealthy it is, without even considering carcinogen content. One thing I've noticed in the past decades is that almost nobody over the age of 18 starts smoking, because by that age, they have some common sense and some resistance to peer pressure.

It is pretty amazing how they were able to create an entire industry out of thin air! I'm sure there are many other products that only have interest, and a long history of being popular, due to advertising and marketing. (pet rocks didn't last though :) )

It's pretty funny that a well-cut cubic zirconium stone is waaaay more sparkly/fiery than the same size, same shape, same cut, diamond. They look so much better than real diamonds that they actually look fake.

My wife also isn't a huge fan of diamonds. Hmmm, maybe we've uncovered a "patriot indicator" :)

And since this was allowed to happen to get U.S. to be in favor of entering WWII, it is not a stretch at all to consider that the 9/11 attacks were allowed to happen to get the U.S. (population) to be in favor of all things anti-terrorism. A few thousand people being murdered is a minor thing to these evil people.

I read (well, it was so detailed I mostly skimmed :) ) a book about the attack, and it is completely obvious it was allowed to happen. FDR had a group who's sole purpose was to work out things that would aggravate Japan! That was just one of many things that make it obvious.

I met a rheumatologist the other day and mentioned that I was doing the vitamin C and Lysine therapy as a possibly effective treatment for arteriosclerosis, and she said she had never heard of it. I would think if you are reasonably well-read in medical things, you would have at least heard of this, but I guess it's possible that such non-Big-Pharma treatments are totally off the radar for the medical establishment. I didn't want to start asking what she thought of covid, because it was a small-group church gathering.

I've long thought that the U.S. should pull all military back to U.S., withdraw all ambassadors, pull back all foreign aid agencies and personnel, and let the world see what it would be like without the U.S. (just for a year should be enough :) )

Are the "rebels" just radical Muslims?

So if they absolutely prove the election was stolen in 2020, will the Supreme Court (which would seem to be the only way to "certify" the action) rule that the pardons issued by Biden are null and void, so that the prosecutions of these criminals can proceed?

It is pretty ridiculous what they are charging these days!

My dentist is truly way better than most in our area, and because of that, he doesn't have to deal with insurance, and is fully booked with patients (although he is getting pretty old, so I don't know who I'll eventually need to switch to). I had a really bad experience with a bad dentist about 20 years ago (one on a dental insurance plan). He over-drilled a tooth that eventually rotted and had to be pulled. I suspected there might be a problem with the guy when I saw that he was living in Manhattan, yet had a dental practice way up in Dutchess County (I would be willing to bet he was running away from either horrible reviews in the city, or outright loss of license there).

My teeth are getting brittle with age :) An upcoming crown will be the second in less than two years, on a tooth that had a root canal three years ago. (I think they messed up when they did it, because it shouldn't have a huge cavity now)

This has been obvious for several years when they determined that ANY person living in the U.S. can be counted in a census! What could be funny though, is if they are successful in deporting most illegals, then those areas that got over-counted by the census might actually vote more Republican after their batch of Democrats are deported.

That's great! Now Iran or North Korea can just do it with no repercussions (they wouldn't care if half their population dies, as long as half the rest of the world dies)

I'm weighing whether to get dental insurance, but my dentist doesn't take insurance (because he is that good). So if I did a plan where you can get some money back for dentists not in their "network", the math doesn't work out for it to be worth it, even with an upcoming crown.

The thing I hate about all of these "green energy" initiatives is that they are based on the "climate change" scam. It seems like even conservatives fall back to the "oh, fossil fuels are bad and dirty, so even if "climate change" is a scam, it's great to pursue these alternative energy sources". Just because a part of something is good does not mean you support something that is based on a lie.

I went to change the spark plugs on my Nissan Versa, only to find that they designed the engine so that it has to be taken apart just to change the plugs! I had to pay about $200 to get the four plugs changed!

It is so deep it would cost more than the value of the gold to get to it!

link posted to FB. Will be interesting to see if it gets one of those "truth" blocks

I'm thinking that when Trump takes office, and the economy starts booming (if deep state doesn't sabotage it), gold and silver will take a HUGE nose dive.